Which ethical theory is characterized by moral rules and principles that are universally applicable?

The correct answer is Deontology, which is characterized by moral rules and principles that are universally applicable. This ethical theory, primarily associated with the philosopher Immanuel Kant, posits that certain actions are intrinsically right or wrong, independent of the consequences they produce. Deontologists argue that moral duties, obligations, and rights exist as universal truths that should guide ethical behavior, regardless of individual circumstances or outcomes.

In the context of healthcare, deontological ethics might manifest in adherence to patient rights, confidentiality, informed consent, and professional conduct, stemming from a belief in the inherent dignity of all individuals and their right to be treated ethically. This universality of moral principles differentiates deontology from other ethical theories. For example, unlike utilitarianism, which focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number and may justify actions that harm individuals for the larger benefit, or virtue ethics, which emphasizes the character of the moral agent rather than strict adherence to rules, deontology is committed to following moral duties that apply uniformly to everyone.

Moreover, relativism, which suggests that ethical principles are determined by cultural, societal, or personal circumstances, contrasts sharply with the deontological perspective that upholds the existence of definitive moral laws. Thus, deontology’s commitment