What is the term used for the authority that courts have to hear and decide on cases?

The term that signifies the authority of courts to hear and decide on cases is jurisdiction. This concept is foundational in law as it determines which court has the power to adjudicate a particular legal issue. Jurisdiction can be based on various factors such as the geographical area, the type of case, or the parties involved in the case. It is essential for maintaining an organized legal system, ensuring that cases are heard in the appropriate venue where the court has the right to make legal decisions.

Other terms, while related to legal processes, do not capture this specific authority. For instance, a "mandate" usually refers to an official order or commission to do something; a "docket" refers to the list of cases to be tried by a court; and "authority" is a broader term that can apply to many contexts but does not specifically denote the power of a court in legal proceedings. Understanding jurisdiction is crucial for navigating legal processes and ensuring that cases are brought before the correct court.